Like reliability and validity as used in quantitative research are providing springboard to examine what these two terms mean in the qualitative research paradigm, triangulation as used in quantitative research to test the reliability and validity can also illuminate some ways to test or maximize the validity and reliability of a qualitative study. Internal validity dictates how an experimental design is structured and encompasses all of the steps of the scientific research method. validity and reliability (Tarescavage, Scheman, & Ben-Porath, 2015), which reliability is. However, validity in qualitative research might have different terms than in quantitative research. In general, validity and reliability in research are to be used together to ensure you can reach your research goals. In the research, reliability is the degree to which the results of the research are consistent and repeatable. The purpose of establishing reliability and validity in research is essentially to ensure that data are sound and replicable, and the results are accurate. Jan 7, 2022 · As such, reliability and validity are measured using probability statistics. 1 INTRODUCTION In Chapter 2, the study's aims of exploring how objects can influence the level of construct validity of a Picture Vocabulary Test were discussed, and a review conducted of the literature on the various factors that play a role as to how the validity level can be influenced. If your essay will run through a plagiarism checker. Jan 7, 2022 · As such, reliability and validity are measured using probability statistics. Like reliability and validity as used in quantitative research are providing springboard to examine what these two terms mean in the qualitative research paradigm, triangulation as used in quantitative research to test the reliability and validity can also illuminate some ways to test or maximize the validity and reliability of a qualitative study. Reliability is often confused with validity, which refers to the extent to which the variable properly measures the underlying trait of interest. They indicate how well a method, technique or test measures something. Validity refers to how truthful the results of a study may be. How do you know if research is reliable? In simple terms, research reliability is the degree to which research method produces stable and consistent results. The evidence of validity and reliability are prerequisites to assure the integrity and quality of a measurement instrument [Kimberlin & Winterstein, 2008]. 836, and composite reliability coefficients of. Reliability Research reliability is the degree to which research method produces stable and consistent results. Nov 28, 2016 · Validity and reliability are two important factors to consider when developing and testing any instrument (e. Reliable measures are those with low random (chance) errors. The purpose of establishing reliability and validity in research is essentially to ensure that data are sound and replicable, and the results are accurate. This cross-sectional study tested the reliability and validity of the Block Kids Questionnaire to assess diet during the past 7 days. Like reliability and validity as used in quantitative research are providing springboard to examine what these two terms mean in the qualitative research paradigm, triangulation as used in quantitative research to test the reliability and validity can also illuminate some ways to test or maximize the validity and reliability of a qualitative study. For example, a survey designed to explore depression but which actually measures anxiety would not be considered valid. Validity is heavily dependent on previous . When you work on your research design and particularly decide how you will collect your data, you. Bernardes, Maureen A. For example, a survey designed to explore depression but which actually measures anxiety would not be considered valid. The evidence of validity and reliability are prerequisites to assure the integrity and quality of a measurement instrument [Kimberlin & Winterstein, 2008]. Validity refers to the accuracy of a measure (whether the results really do represent what they are supposed to measure). Reliability and validity are among the most important and fundamental domains in the assessment of any measuring methodology for data-collection in a good research. If a method measures what it claims to measure, and the results closely correspond to real-world values, then it can be considered valid. May 30, 2022 · How can validity and reliability be improved in research? You can increase the validity of an experiment by controlling more variables, improving measurement technique, increasing randomization to reduce sample bias, blinding the experiment, and adding control or placebo groups. Reliability implies consistency: if you take the ACT five times, you should get roughly the same results every time. Validity is a judgment based on various types of evidence. By definition, if a measure is valid, it will be accurate every time, and thus be reliable also, but the converse is not true. Concepts such as reliability, validity and generalisability typically associated with quantitative research and alternative terminology will be compared in relation to their application to qualitative research. , content assessment test, questionnaire) for use in a study. If the results are accurate, they are likely to be replicated in further research. The validity and reliability of qualitative research represent the key aspects of the quality of research. A researcher can’t use a biased or invalid study. An excellent measuring instrument or instrument must meet the requirements for testing its validity and reliability. Education is designed to support early development in preparation for participation in school and society. 00 $11. Usually, these two measurements are used in psychological tests and . 2006 Jul 12-18;20(44) :41-5. The degree to which the measuring instrument gauges is known as validity. A test is valid if it measures what it’s supposed to. Williams V, Price J, Hardinge M, Tarassenko L, Farmer A. Reliability is basically an extent up to which the various techniques that the researcher applies at the time of research produce similar outcomes. Williams V, Price J, Hardinge M, Tarassenko L, Farmer A. A research assistant will adjust the iPads as needed during. This text describes objectivity in qualitative research by focusing on the issues of validity and reliability in terms of their limitations and applicability in the social and natural sciences. A specific measure is considered to be reliable if its application on the same object of measurement number. These scales are formed in a dimensional structure within. Reliability And Validity - Video. Validity – The test being conducted should produce data that it intends to measure, i. reliability and validity in research example purina one cat food kitten. In simple terms, validity refers to how well an instrument as measures what it is intended to measure. Develop reliability and validity coefficients for appropriate data. Using multiple methods of data collection: Using a combination of methods such as surveys, interviews, and focus groups can provide a more comprehensive view of the market. When you work on your research design and particularly decide how you will collect your data, you. Reliability alone is not enough, measures need to be reliable, as well as, valid. Score: 4. Nov 28, 2016 · Validity and reliability are two important factors to consider when developing and testing any instrument (e. It must measure accurately and consistently each time it is used. Validity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research J Family Med Prim Care. Answer: validity and reliability are two different concepts. are often based on the lack of predictive validity of these tests). Knowing Validity and Reliability in Research has allowed me to build projects, make an impact, and have enough money to stay home and make courses like this one for students all over the world. Yes, reliability is more important than validity because of consistent results from studies. Krakower, J. Validity: Validity focuses on the accuracy of a set of research measures. Validity and reliability are terms used to gauge the caliber of research. The evidence of validity and reliability are prerequisites to assure the integrity and quality of a measurement instrument [Kimberlin & Winterstein, 2008]. Researchers repeat research again and again in. Reliability and validity are two major factors in statistics that affect psychological research. Validity and Reliability of Research HCS/465 July 26, 2013 Validity and Reliability of Research In today’s society researchers use many methods to determine facts, rules, laws, and. Reliability implies consistency: if you take the ACT five times, you should get roughly the same results every time. Although the tests and measures used to establish the validity and reliability of quantitative research cannot be applied to qualitative research, there are ongoing debates about whether. Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of research. Walters, & Borivoje Djokic (2022) Walters and Djokic Quantitative Analysis Factor Distortion Theory: Addressing Challenges to Validity and Reliability in Scientific Research, Examples of Junk Science Research on Climates Change, COVID-19, the United States Real Estate Market and Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008, International Journal of Quantitative and. In qualitative research, reliability can be evaluated through: respondent validation, which can involve the researcher taking their interpretation of the data back to the individuals involved in the research and ask them to evaluate the extent to which it represents their interpretations and views;. Levy & Vera L. To this end, the Assessment Scale of the Academic Enablers (ASAE) was developed and applied to 5,208 university students to test its validity and reliability. A test can be reliable without being valid. 655 to. In the United States, Canada, and Australia, primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1–13 is used. The tricky stuff comes when we examine the different types of validity and reliability. These two concepts go hand in hand during research and contribute to the credibility of the investigation. Many research studies have shown that the test has “very low false-positive rates” (Drayton, 2009). 7) Reliability. Walters, & Borivoje Djokic (2022) Walters and Djokic Quantitative Analysis Factor Distortion Theory: Addressing Challenges to Validity and Reliability in Scientific Research, Examples of Junk Science Research on Climates Change, COVID-19, the United States Real Estate Market and Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008, International Journal of Quantitative and. Validity is harder to obtain than reliability. Understanding and Testing Validity. The evidence of validity and reliability are prerequisites to assure the integrity and quality of a measurement instrument [Kimberlin & Winterstein, 2008]. Sep 15, 2019 · This paper clearly explains the concepts of reliability and validity as used in educational research. 18 related questions. For data to be good enough to allow you to draw meaningful conclusions from a. Validity is dependent on reliability and relevance. Reliability implies consistency: if you take the ACT five times, you should get roughly the same results every time. A simple . com catalog of sample Research Proposals on Validity And Reliability will prove handy. Validity refers to the degree to which a study accurately reflects or assesses the specific concept that the researcher is attempting to measure. Reliable measures are those with low random (chance) errors. seldom are concerned with construct validity in educational research. 11 Validity and Reliability Of Research. Reliability in qualitative research refers to the stability of responses to multiple coders of data sets. Measurement While validity measures whether the extent to which the test claims to measure is achieved, reliability measures whether the test gives consistent results at its outcome. The validity and reliability of scale was investigated by test re-test, Cronbach alpha, confirmatory factor analysis and criterion related validity methods. This is because a test could produce the same result each time,. Read on to understand the. Validity is defined as the extent to which a concept is accurately measured in a quantitative study. On the other hand, reliability claims that you will get the same results on repeated tests. 9 Dec,2016 cp. There are two distinct criteria by which researchers evaluate their measures: reliability and validity. Whether it's VBT, power, movement, balance, agility or any other aspect of. Reliability vs Validity. Reliability is consistent results, but validity can change based on research and instrumentation. The paper outlines different types of reliability and validity and significance in. 00 $11. And the most common way of measuring the parallel-forms reliability is to produce a large set of questions to evaluate the same thing. Validity pertains to the connection between the purpose of the research and which data the researcher chooses to quantify that purpose. Reliability and validity can both help researchers assess the quality of a project. In the next section, we will take a look at some of the validity and reliability in research methods examples. A test is valid if it measures what it’s supposed to. | Find, read and cite all the research you need. 00 $11. Attention to these considerations helps to insure the quality of your measurement and of the data collected for your study. Validity refers to how truthful the results of a study may be. Reliability implies consistency: if you take the ACT five times, you should get roughly the same results every time. Studies, overviews, meetings, and reviews are the most notable methods of social event information for quantitative investigation. It’s not necessarily the difference between them that is so baffling; it’s more the fact that there is. Relevance is the degree to which a test pertains to its objectives, described earlier. Validity is the extent to which the scores actually represent the variable they are intended to. The evidence of validity and reliability are prerequisites to assure the integrity and quality of a measurement instrument [Kimberlin & Winterstein, 2008]. Reliability is consistency across time (test-retest reliability), across items (internal consistency), and across researchers (interrater reliability). reliability and validity in research example. The coefficient of reliability is an estimate of the proportion of all variation that is not due to measurement error and is readily estimated from replicate measurements. Tests that are valid are also reliable. Results: The concepts of reliability, validity and utility are explored and explained. This is ISCED level 01. When it comes to ensuring validity, it is often recommended to do that at earlier stages of your research. So what is the difference between validity and reliability in research methodology? Well, reliability means how consistent the measurement is. Yes, reliability is more important than validity because of consistent results from studies. Reliability in qualitative research refers to the stability of responses to multiple coders of data sets. In general, validity and reliability in research are to be used together to ensure you can reach your research goals. While similar, these two concepts measure slightly different things: Reliability: Reliability measures the consistency of a set of research measures. If reliability is a part of validity, you can begin to see how the two are related. It requires experts with this applications. Validity is a judgment based on various types of evidence. Relevance is the degree to which a test pertains to its objectives, described earlier. Another measure of assessment research has to do with the role of the assessor himself as an evaluator and predictor of the behaviour of. 8 Reliability An instrument first must be valid, then it must be reliable. Using structured questions: Using a set of pre-determined, structured questions rather than open-ended questions can increase the reliability of the survey results. Reliability and validity can both help researchers assess the quality of a project. Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures, and what it claims to measure. There are two common reasons for this: (a) experimenter bias and instrumental bias; and (b) experimental demands. Attention to these considerations helps to insure the quality of your measurement and of the data collected for your study. 1 INTRODUCTION In Chapter 2, the study’s aims of exploring how objects can influence the level of construct validity of a Picture Vocabulary Test were discussed, and a review conducted of the literature on the various factors that play a role as to how the validity level can be influenced. In simple terms, research reliability is the degree to which research method produces stable and consistent results. This paper clearly explains the concepts of reliability and validity as used in educational research. · Test- . opt It’s important to consider reliability and validity when you are creating your research design, planning your methods, and writing up your results, especially in quantitative research. Using structured questions: Using a set of pre-determined, structured questions rather than open-ended questions can increase the reliability of the survey results. But if it indicated that you had gained 10 pounds, you would rightly conclude that it was broken and either fix it or get rid of it. 18 related questions. Validity is defined as the extent to which a concept is accurately measured in a quantitative study. There are four main types of validity:. Future research on sleep in pre-school aged . The evidence of validity and reliability are prerequisites to assure the integrity and quality of a measurement instrument [Kimberlin & Winterstein, 2008]. Krakower, J. The study design, including sample size, methodology, and analyses must be carefully monitored to accurately assess the soundness of the results. opt It’s important to consider reliability and validity when you are creating your research design, planning your methods, and writing up your results, especially in quantitative research. Instead of simply asking if they participate in physical activity, the question goes further to explain the criteria of what the survey considers light and vigorous physical activity. Validity and reliability are key aspects of all research. For example, a survey designed to explore depression but which actually measures anxiety would not be considered valid. Evaluate what sort of people was consolidated while driving investigation. At the end of the research; It was understood that the Turkish version of the scale generally preserved the original six-factor scale structure. Sep 22, 2020 · Reliability in qualitative research refers to the stability of responses to multiple coders of data sets. The evidence of validity and reliability are prerequisites to assure the integrity and quality of a measurement instrument [Kimberlin & Winterstein, 2008]. For a test to be reliable, it also needs to be valid. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. The evidence of validity and reliability are prerequisites to assure the integrity and quality of a measurement instrument [Kimberlin & Winterstein, 2008]. They show the accuracy of a measurement method, methodology, or test. Measurement Reliability is simple to measure, as it only depends on a consistent set of results. Validity: Validity focuses on the accuracy of a set of research measures. ETS Research Report Series, 1987: i. However, to provide meaningful research results, that data must be good. In addition, for clinical practice and research, it is essential to establish the utility of a measurement instrument. Reliability is consistency across time (test-retest reliability), across items (internal consistency), and across researchers (interrater reliability). Go to: Footnotes Source of Support: Nil. Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of research. Validity, Reliability, and Improving the Quality of Research | by Nicole Martensen | Researching Humans | Jan, 2023 | Medium Write Sign up Sign In 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on. Within a 7-day period, 10- to 17-year-old children and adolescents completed two 24-hour dietary recalls by telephone, followed by the Block Kids Questionnaire at the end of the week. The everyday use of these terms provides a sense of what they mean (for example, your opinion is valid; your friends are reliable). Reliability refers to the reproducibility of a test or research Research Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the. Psychologists consider three types of consistency: over time (test-retest reliability), across items (internal consistency), and across different researchers (inter-rater reliability). In research, no two concepts are more confused with one another than validity and reliability. Education is designed to support early development in preparation for participation in school and society. Reliability & Validity Ikbal Ahmed Mass media research unit 2 Shubhangi Mishra Qualitative Research Methods Dr. Stability and consistency are both indicators of the reliability of a measure. To ensure that both issues are satisfied, the pilot test was administered to a school where the respondents were not involved in the actual research. However, to provide meaningful research results, that data must be good. This article examines reliability and validity as ways to demonstrate the rigour and trustworthiness of quantitative and qualitative research. Validity, Reliability, and Improving the Quality of Research | by Nicole Martensen | Researching Humans | Jan, 2023 | Medium Write Sign up Sign In 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on. A simple example of validity and reliability is an alarm clock that rings at 7:00 each morning, but is set for 6:30. Attention to these considerations helps to insure the quality of your measurement and of the data collected for your study. Like reliability and validity as used in quantitative research are providing springboard to examine what these two terms mean in the qualitative research paradigm, triangulation as used in quantitative research to test the reliability and validity can also illuminate some ways to test or maximize the validity and reliability of a qualitative study. This paper describes four types of validity and. | Find, read and cite all the research you need. The purpose of establishing reliability and validity in research is essentially to ensure that data are sound and replicable, and the results are accurate. These types of validity are relevant to. Reliability is consistency across time (test-retest reliability), across items (internal consistency), and across researchers (interrater reliability). Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of research. In other words, it tells whether the study outcomes are accurate and can be applied to the real-world setting. el toro lawton ok, thick pussylips
There presumably been no predisposition and every individual had been permitted a full an open door to be a piece of the investigation. . Validity and reliability in research
In general, validity and reliability in research are to be used together to ensure you can reach your research goals. However, validity in qualitative research might have different terms than in quantitative research. In general, validity and reliability in research are to be used together to ensure you can reach your research goals. Establishment of reliability, validity, and cross-validation are major steps in determining the usefulness of any psychological test (including personality measures). Why is it necessary? While reliability is necessary, it alone is not sufficient. In contrast, reliability refers to the consistency of action, including its compatibility over time, across situational variations, and from one person or subject area to another. This paper clearly explains the concepts of reliability and validity as used in educational research. Validity is the extent to which the scores actually represent the variable they are intended to. When it comes to ensuring validity, it is often recommended to do that at earlier stages of your research. Validity and reliability in quantitative research - 2022 $ 5. Krakower, J. Therefore, validity applies to the chosen measures of the variables and whether or not they are indeed applicable to the purpose of the . validity is the criteria for evaluating the quality of research. There are four main types of validity in research, which. It is the extent to which the measuring instrument measures what it is supposed to measure (Collis & Hussey, 2009; Treiman, 2009). While similar, these two concepts measure slightly different things: Reliability: Reliability measures the consistency of a set of research measures. The construct validity was analyzed based on the Rasch model with infit and outfit mean square (MNSQ) value. The purpose of establishing reliability and validity in research is essentially to ensure that data are sound and replicable, and the results are accurate. Reliability is assessed by one of four methods: retest. As a branch of science, psychological research must verify its assumptions. If a method measures what it claims to measure, and the results closely correspond to real-world values, then it can be considered valid. Reliability vs Validity: What's the Difference and How to Use Them in Research Work · Reliability is the degree to which a measure produces . In this article, we’ll be covering four. 00 $11. Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of research. Reliability And Validity - Video. The purpose of establishing reliability and validity in research is essentially to ensure that data are sound and replicable, and the results are accurate. The terms validity and reliability come from the scientific method. Meeting these objectives will ensure good quality quantitative research. Validity in research is an estimate that shows how precisely your measurement method works. This article examines reliability and validity as ways to demonstrate the rigour and trustworthiness of quantitative and qualitative research. In summary, the three gold criteria of validity, reliability and generalizability apply in principle to assess quality for both quantitative and qualitative research, what differs will be the nature and type of processes that ontologically and epistemologically distinguish between the two. In quantitative research, you have to consider the reliability and validity of your methods and measurements. The evidence of validity and reliability are prerequisites to assure the integrity and quality of a measurement instrument [Kimberlin & Winterstein, 2008]. A test is considered to be as valid if it measures the thing which is expected. Reliability is consistent results, but validity can change based on research and instrumentation. Reliability is assessed by one of four methods: retest. Reliability and Validity Confusion. Validity is defined as the extent to which a concept is accurately measured in a quantitative study. When comes to its weakness this kind of methods research is expensive and time consuming. The inherent lack of total reliability in planning research gets further explained by specific challenges. Thus the accuracy and consistency of survey/questionnaire forms a significant aspect of research methodology which are known as validity and reliability. There presumably been no predisposition and every individual had been permitted a full an open door to be a piece of the investigation. 1 Although there has been considerable research on the QOL of women with breast cancer, 2 there is a paucity of such reports from the Arab and neighboring countries. Reliability implies consistency: if you take the ACT five times, you should get roughly the same results every time. Reliability and Validity Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological. The concept of reliability is closely linked to consistency. com catalog of sample Research Proposals on Validity And Reliability will prove handy. To this end, the Assessment Scale of the Academic Enablers (ASAE) was developed and applied to 5,208 university students to test its validity and reliability. singh1504 Leave a comment. The reliability and validity of your results depends on creating a strong research design, choosing appropriate methods and samples, and conducting the research. Reliability and validity can both help researchers assess the quality of a project. Transparency is unique to our company and for my writing essay services. Jan 7, 2022 · As such, reliability and validity are measured using probability statistics. Why is it necessary? While reliability is necessary, it alone is not sufficient. singh1504 Leave a comment. Reliability refers to the truth of research procedures. Introduction to validity and reliability. This paper clearly explains the concepts of reliability and validity as used in educational research. · Test- . If reliability is a part of validity, you can begin to see how the two are related. Measuring a person or item involves assigning scores to represent an attribute. Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure. Validity is defined as the extent to which a concept is accurately measured in a quantitative study. Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. & Niwa, S. They show the accuracy of a measurement method, methodology, or test. In order for the results from a study to be considered valid, the measurement procedure must first be reliable. The construct validity was analyzed based on the Rasch model with infit and . This tendency is conveniently called researcher bias. There are three major ways that reliability is shown to be consistent: across time via test-retest reliability,. Sep 15, 2019 · Abstract. When it comes to ensuring validity, it is often recommended to do that at earlier stages of your research. The value of reliability was based on Cronbach alpha with appropriate values range. The authors discuss the basic principles of reliability and validity for readers who are new to research. Meticulous attention to these two. Credibility means a researcher's ability to demonstrate that the object of a study is accurately identified and described based on the way in which the study was conducted. The 5 main types of validity in research are: 1. Design: This investigation is a quantitative methodological design testing the validity and reliability of the DRSES-A. The evidence of validity and reliability are prerequisites to assure the integrity and quality of a measurement instrument [Kimberlin & Winterstein, 2008]. Often new researchers are confused with selection and conducting of proper validity type to test their research instrument (questionnaire/survey). This article examines reliability and validity as ways to demonstrate the rigour and trustworthiness of quantitative and qualitative research. Validity is used to determine whether research measures what it intended to measure and to approximate the truthfulness of the results. And the most common way of measuring the parallel-forms reliability is to produce a large set of questions to evaluate the same thing. The reliability of a measurement is an important consideration in the choice of the primary outcome measure for a clinical trial and in the choice of measures used for assessment of eligibility and exclusion. Author Lawrence Leung 1 Affiliation 1 Department of Family Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada ; Centre of Studies in Primary Care, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. My Research and Language Selection My Research Sign into My Research Create My Research Account English; Help and support Help and support. In a research design, especially in a quantitative research, reliability and validity are highly important. reliability and validity in research is essentially to ensure that data are sound and replicable, and the results are accurate. Krakower, J. , content assessment test, questionnaire) for use in a study. Reliability and validity in research Nurs Stand. Reliability and validity of marketing research can be said to be one of the main factors that ascertain success or failure of the entire effort. An explanation of reliability and validity of measures is presented. When it comes to ensuring validity, it is often recommended to do that at earlier stages of your research. Outside of statistical research, reliability and validity are used interchangeably. The authors discuss the basic principles of reliability and validity for readers who are new to research. In simple terms, if your research is associated with high levels of reliability, then other researchers need to be able to generate the same results, using the same research methods under similar conditions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the reliability and validity of the CVI Range in a clinical research environment (CVI Range–Clinical Research (CVI Range-CR)). While similar, these two concepts measure slightly different things: Reliability: Reliability measures the consistency of a set of research measures. There are three major ways that reliability is shown to be consistent: across time via test-retest reliability,. The evidence of validity and reliability are prerequisites to assure the integrity and quality of a measurement instrument [Kimberlin & Winterstein, 2008]. However, validity can be more difficult to measure. Reliability and validity are criteria by which researchers assess measurement quality. Provincial Hospital. Qualitative studies: ways that researchers have . Understanding and Testing Validity. Introduction to validity and reliability. However, validity in qualitative research might have different terms than in quantitative research. By: Jerome Kirk. Marc L. Reliability in research Reliability, like validity, is a way of assessing the quality of the measurement procedure used to collect data in a dissertation. Concepts such as reliability, validity and. Although the tests and measures used to establish the validity and reliability of quantitative research cannot be applied to qualitative research, there are ongoing debates about whether. . jack and jill orgy